Police Discretion The execution of discretion in judgment among police officers has been studied for decades (De Lint, 1998). Before the 1960's, For some three decades now it has been established knowledge that police officers use discretion (De Lint, 1998). Through the 1960's, officers were expected to use "common sense," with little attention paid to analyzing situations where discretion was called for or for applying specific training to improve the kinds of

Police Administration; Structures, Processes, And Behaviors 8th Edition The Evolution of Police Administration Over the centuries, police administration has evolved in several important respects including how police have been organized and what they considered their core strategy for providing value to the communities they serve (Perry, 2001). It is argued that the present police work is not very different from previous police work performed by the London Bobbies in 1829 and the

One police officer for example referred to the chaos as a "holocaust," far removed from the real world (Shankman et al., 2010). Alpert and Smith (2001, p. 483) note that a survey of the public showed a general perception that the police is frequently excessively violent in their contact with the public. According to the authors, the targets of reported abuse are generally lower class males, with a common factor

Law vs. Ethics in Counseling Ethical standards are often drafted by professional groups or associations with the main objective of guiding the conduct of the members of such associations. Ethical standards not only help to guide the behavior of members, but also improve professionalism and form a standard of accountability. In the United States, the AACD (American Association for Counseling and Development) and the ACA (American Counseling Association) have developed ethical

Counseling The difference between law and ethics in counseling In practice, ethics entails grasping and incorporating principles and standards of specific professional organizations. Ethical codes for professionals in the mental healthcare field aim at outlining the responsibility and professional conduct expected of them (Jennings, Sovereign, Bottorff, Mussell, & Vye, 2005). Graduate students have to establish their understanding of ethics theory and apply it in practice, before entering professional practice. As stated by

Part II crimes that the Uniform Crime Reporting Program identifies include an additional of 16 types of crime that range from minimal assault to disorderly conduct to vandalism. Part III crimes, on the other hand, include all the criminal activities that are beyond the scope of part I and part II criminal offences. These statistics show that there is a consistent pattern with the most and the least common